IJET Vol. 3, Issue 3, September 2017
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International Journal of Engineering Technologies (IJET) Dergisi / International Journal of Engineering Technologies (IJET)
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Öğe International Journal of Engineering Technologies (IJET) Vol. 3, Issue 3, September 2017(İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Yayınları / Istanbul Gelisim University Press, 2017) Bayram, MustafaDear Colleagues, On behalf of the editorial board of International Journal of Engineering Technologies (IJET), I would like to share our happiness to publish the eleventh issue of IJET. My special thanks are for members of editorial board, publication board, editorial team, referees, authors and other technical staff. Please find the eleventh issue of International Journal of Engineering Technologies at http://ijet.gelisim.edu.tr or http://dergipark.gov.tr/ijet. We invite you to review the Table of Contents by visiting our web site and review articles and items of interest. IJET will continue to publish high level scientific research papers in the field of Engineering Technologies as an international peer-reviewed scientific and academic journal of Istanbul Gelisim University. Thanks for your continuing interest in our work, Professor Mustafa BAYRAM Istanbul Gelisim University mbayram@gelisim.edu.tr http://ijet.gelisim.edu.tr http://dergipark.gov.tr/ijet Printed ISSN: 2149-0104 e-ISSN: 2149-5262Öğe Evaporation Plant for Recycling of Caustic Soda(İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Yayınları / Istanbul Gelisim University Press, 2017-09-26) Elmas, Emin TanerThe most important problem that humanity is expected to face in the coming century shall be environmental pollution. On one hand, the population of human beings are using natural resources rapidly, on the other hand, they are adding hundreds of pollutants in the form of metals, acids, bases and etc. Thus, they have created an abnormal situation which has resulted in an imbalance in the natural systems. As the industrialization improves, it creates pollution and also it creates jobs for the people. Especially in developed countries, for instance European countries and U.S.A. there are also many stringent restrictions for the environmental pollution, and there are many laws, political arrangements. Of course , a pollution free environment will require a high cost, often an expensive operation. However , it is much more costlier trying to undo the damage done. On the basis of concept tried to mention above human beings have studied on the subjects related with environmental pollution. They have established waste water treatment plants, many kinds of recycling and recovery plants, and etc. In this study , it has been tried to establish such an idea that a pollution free environment may be available if this technical process is used properly. So, the first goal of this study is to provide a concise statement of the requirements and opportunities for obtaining environmental benefits. The second objective will be to provide economical savings while providing the environmental benefits at the same time. To emphasize the great importance of above mentioned subjects the application of recycle technology for the sodium hydroxide (NaOH), which is named as caustic soda in industrial processes, realized by means of an evaporation plant is used. Caustic soda is used in textile industry for mercerizing process as it is used in many different processes. To give the cotton more strength and to obtain a smoother surface and an improved affinity the mercerizing is essential. After being finished the mercerizing operation, generally the process solution (containing caustic soda) is discharged to the environment,. e.g. , rivers, seas and sewage. In spite of the fact that this application is widely spread in use, it is forbidden in all developed countries to discharge the caustic soda solutions even at a 1% concentration since the caustic soda is highly basic (highly alkaline). For this reason it is very harmful for the environment. It is possible to extract the caustic soda from the caustic soda solutions before discharging it to the environment for preventing the harms of this material. The washing water containing NaOH will be concentrated by H2O evaporation and shall be recycled in the mercerizing system. The concentration may take place in a single or multiple – stage (double–stage) installation under vacuum or atmospheric pressure. The washing water to be concentrated is moved from the storage tank to the first evaporation stage and the thermal energy for evaporation operation is added by the steam. The vapor coming from the first evaporation stage is used for the next evaporation stage as the heating steam of this unit. The vapor from the last stage is condensed in a condenser. The condensed vapor can be safely discharged and the concentrated caustic soda can be reused for the subsequent mercerizing operation. So, both economical profits and environmental benefits can be provided by reusing the caustic soda for next processes , after it is recovered by the help of this way. Desalination unit in Jeddah which is the capital city of Saudi Arabia , is an example for this kind of operations.. This plant was established 1970’s and has been used as both a power station and a desalination unit. At this plant the exhaust steam coming from the steam turbines is used as the heating steam for evaporators of desalination unit. Unfortunately, in our country, even in İzmir, the waste water of textile industry is discharged to the environment. Because , the environmental laws are not adequate and the enterprisers think that a recycling plant is not an economical investment. However , it is stated in this study that such a concept is not right. It has been tried to show that such an investment, i.e., “An Evaporation Plant for Recycling of Caustic Soda” may be profitable if it is installed and operated properly, and also it has been tried to increase the attractivity of these kinds of plants . It is hoped that, the laws and stringent restrictions related with environment shall be arranged, so that we shall live in a healthy world.Öğe Performance Evaluation and Modification of an Existing Rice Destoner(İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Yayınları / Istanbul Gelisim University Press, 2017-09-26) Yisa, Mohammed Gana; Fadeyibi, Adeshina; Katibi, Kamil Kayode; Ucheoma, O. C.Destoning is a processing technique for removing stones and broken grains from a batch of milled rice. This research was carried out to modify an existing rice destoner for the purpose of increasing its capacity and efficiency. The modification introduced addressed challenges associated with the existing machine, such as lower stone removal efficiency and lower air flow channel, which affects the aerodynamic lifting of the rice grains. The performance was evaluated for 3 kg of locally milled rice samples based on the design capacity of the machine, cleaning efficiency and degree of grain flow. The result showed that the design capacity (1800 kg/h) of the modified destoner was higher than that of the existing (864 kg/h). Also, the machine has 40.8% destoning efficiency which is relatively higher than the existing machine.Öğe Design of Used PET Bottles Crushing Machine for Small Scale Industrial Applications(İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Yayınları / Istanbul Gelisim University Press, 2017-09-26) Ikpe, Aniekan E.; Ikechukwu, OwunnaIn this study, PET bottles crushing machine was designed to convert used PET bottles into shreds readily available for recycling. Preliminary tests and mechanical factors were extensively evaluated on the conceptual designs to ensure that the concept with optimal performance and efficiency is selected. Experimental test was conducted to determine the power required to overcome the shear stress of the PET bottles and it was found out that 10hp was the power required. With a set of crushing forces ranging from 1000-3000N, Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was performed for five different scenarios on the 201 Annealed Stainless Steel cutting blade to inspect the material response to stresses and corresponding deformations. The maximum von Mises stress was 2.089e+006N/m^2. The material yield strength was found to be 2.92e+008 N/m^2, and applying a force of 3000N on the cutting blade produced a maximum displacement of 2.220e-003 mm. This therefore imply that the material will not deform or fail under a force equal to or below the material yield strength value. Tests carried out on the final machine design indicated efficiency of 82.2% which is only 6% less than the efficiency of existing ones.Öğe Performance Assessment of Advanced Biological Wastewater Treatment Plants Using Artificial Neural Networks(İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Yayınları / Istanbul Gelisim University Press, 2017-09-26) Türkmenler, Harun; Pala, MuratIn this study, the application of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) techniques was used to predict the performance of wastewater treatment plant. The ANN-based model for prediction of effluent biological oxygen demand (BOD) concentrations was formed using a three-layered feed forward ANN, which used a back propagation learning algorithm. Based on the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), the sum of the squares error (SSE), the absolute fraction of variance (R2), the root-mean-square (RMS), the coefficient of variation in percent (cov) values, and ANN models predicted effluent BOD concentration. The R2 values were found to be 94.13% and 93.18% for the training and test sets of treatment plant process, respectively. It was found that the ANN model could be employed successfully in estimating the daily BOD in the effluent of wastewater biological treatment plants.Öğe Nonlinear Integrated Design of Lattice Domes with Supporting Substructures(İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Yayınları / Istanbul Gelisim University Press, 2017-08-26) Etemadi, Ali; Balkaya, CanThis paper investigates the response interaction between reinforced concrete substructure and steel raised lattice roofing. The viewpoint of dynamic stability and nonlinear seismic behavior are considered as both geometrical and material nonlinearity. In particularly, dynamic stability performance of single layer Diamatic domes located on peripheral reinforced concrete columns is investigated under vertical loads and seismic excitation. Different supporting structures with rigidity and reinforcement detailing of the circular peripheral columns are considered in the integrated design. The vibration modes for the lattice dome with and without substructure effects are studied. Results show that high capacity substructure or fixed supporting assumption may lead to unsafe stability performance as well as uneconomical designs. The integrated design of composite system, RC supporting substructure and upper lattice roof could be provided superior dynamic stability performance when compared to the design without supporting substructure.Öğe Construction Waste Reduction Through BIM-Based Site Management Approach(İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Yayınları / Istanbul Gelisim University Press, 2017-09-22) Salgın, Burcu; Akgün, Atacan; Coşgun, Nilay; Agyekum, KofiToday, construction practices with potential damages to the environment are carried out uncontrollably to respond to rapidly growing population needs. In the construction sector, which is one of the leading sectors closely following technological developments, steps must be taken to protect the world's ecologic balance. The goal of the professionals is not only to put up a building in accordance with its design but also to comply with environmental requirements in a respectful way. Different parameters such as erroneous design decisions, inadequate work schedules, sudden weather oppositions, defects in product supply can affect directly or indirectly the construction process, resulting in the generation of construction waste on the construction site. These wastes negatively affect the living and non-living environment. It is not technically possible to completely eliminate construction wastes generated during the construction process, but it is possible to control and recover these wastes. For this reason, innovative applications are important in the construction sector. This study examines the potential of BIM applications in preventing/reducing wastes in the construction process. For this purpose; articles that talk about the reasons of waste generation in the construction sector and the relationship between BIM technology and construction waste management practices were examined, and the findings obtained were evaluated. BIM applications have been proposed to be developed to prevent/reduce wastes on the construction site.Öğe Improving Torsional Rigidity and Seismic Performance of Tunnel Form Building Structures(İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Yayınları / Istanbul Gelisim University Press, 2017-09-26) Balkaya, Can; Karagöz, İhsan; Günal, İsmihanTunnel form buildings, which have shear-wall dominant structural systems, are usually built in countries exposed to substantial seismic risk and very commonly used because of its fast construction technique and low cost. Very limited research has been directed to their experimental studies on 3D behavior, seismic performance, load capacities, collapse mechanisms, and crack propagations. Previous studies indicate that most of the time the first period of the structure is torsion due to construction techniques outer faces is open to take the tunnel forms to out by cranes. This will cause less torsional rigidity, whereas for strong earthquakes, torsional rigidity has to be increased. Four different strengthening techniques, i.e., steel braces, reinforced concrete (RC) infill shear wall, precast concrete shear wall, and RC shear wall at the façade, were applied to improve torsion rigidity. Experimental studies and 3D nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA) were performed on models. The analytical model results, the economy and applicability of construction techniques suggest that steel bracing is the most suitable and practical method to improve torsional rigidity as well as seismic performance. Three-story scaled existing and strengthened experimental models are tested under pushover loads, and the results are compared with 3D nonlinear finite element analysis.Öğe Thermal Stresses on a Reginal Cooling Plate(İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Yayınları / Istanbul Gelisim University Press, 2017-09-26) Koç, İbrahimIn this study, stresses and strains that occur on the surface of material are investigated for a flat plate that is made cooling as numerically and analytically. The cooling blowing ratios applied to the surface vary between 0.5 and 1.75. The cooling injection angle is 30 degrees with the horizontal. Plexiglas plate were used in experiments which done for analytical solution and numerical modelling studies. Air was injected to cooling zone at 57 oC and 77 oC. The results show that the cooling surface size varies with the blow ratio. In addition, the sizes of thermal stresses and displacements of surface set out that they are indicators of cooling.Öğe Development of a Face Detection Algorithm Based on Skin Segmentation and Facial Feature Extraction(İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Yayınları / Istanbul Gelisim University Press, 2017-09-26) Popoola, Jide; Akinola, AkintundeThis paper presents a face detection algorithm capable of detecting face(s) without prior training as a face classifier. The technique employed in developing the algorithm is based on skin segmentation and facial feature extraction of the two eyes and mouth. Skin segmentation was done in the red, green, blue color space. White balance correction was employed to correct the change in image temperature that occurs due to change in lighting conditions at the point of acquiring image. Morphological operations and bounding box were employed to search and extract face region from the segmented skin region. Facial feature, eyes and mouth, were extracted for final verification of the sensed face using the Laplacian of Gaussian filter and the isosceles triangle matching rules. The extracted features were used to develop the face detection algorithm. The developed algorithm was evaluated using random images taken under different lighting conditions. Furthermore, the efficiency of the developed face detection algorithm was evaluated using a standard face detection image database. The result obtained shows that the developed face detection algorithm performed satisfactorily well with 81.37% detection accuracy. Furthermore, the results obtained from the performance evaluation of the developed face detection for this study has shown it clearly that accuracy detection of dissimilar faces in images with complex background is possible and attainableÖğe An Overview of Natural Gas as an Energy Source for Various Purposes(İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Yayınları / Istanbul Gelisim University Press, 2017-09-26) Aktemur, CenkerEnergy is gaining great prominence and priority regarding improvement the level of prosperity by completing the economic development of countries. Natural gas is becoming one of the most important energy sources in the world because of the low level of greenhouse gas emissions resulting from the burning of natural gas. For that reason, natural gas consumption is increasing rapidly in the world. Natural gas, which is the main raw material of various chemical products, meets a significant part of the world energy consumption. It is an obvious fact that natural gas is the second most considerable non-renewable fossil fuel-based energy source, after crude oil. This study deals with reviewing natural gas systems considering each aspect. In this context, natural gas as an energy source along with its historical development was briefly given first. Then, status of world natural gas market with regard to geographical distribution of natural gas reserves, consumption, production, lifetime and storage are investigated in all parts of the world. After this exploration of natural gas as primary energy source, pollution caused by natural gas is reviewed since it is utilized in many areas like residential buildings, vehicles and industry. Beside all these, available pipelines delivering natural gas to consumers and planned pipeline projects to be constructed in the near future are reported. Lastly, the use of liquefied natural gas and compressed natural gas as alternative energy source are discussed.
