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Öğe Adaptive Step Load Voltage-Based MPPT Technique for TEG Systems(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2023) Yahya, KhalidThis study pioneers an Adaptive Step Load Voltage-Based (LVB) Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) technique, specifically engineered for Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) systems. Deviating from traditional methods centered around photovoltaic systems, our approach innovatively employs a single voltage sensor for monitoring load voltage, independent of load conditions. This results in significantly improved MPPT convergence. The key feature of this technique is the dynamic adjustment of the Adaptive Step-Size (ASS) in the MPPT controller, which is based on the voltage slope in relation to the duty cycle. Comprehensive assessments at various insolation levels reveal that our method outperforms the conventional fixed step-size approach, particularly in environments with variable insolation. Furthermore, the integration of a Single-Ended Primary Inductance Converter (SEPIC) with the TEG system extends the operational range, enhancing the overall efficiency. This paper presents both simulation results and experimental validations conducted on a specially constructed laboratory prototype to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed technique. © 2023 IEEE.Öğe Analysis of Electrical Power Losses in Low-Voltage Distribution Networks: A Study of Technical and Non-Technical Losses(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2023) Mezban, Ali; Yahya, Khalid; Aldababsa, Mahmoud; Amer, Ayman; Hafez, Mohamed; Yahya, Adel E. M.This paper focuses on reducing technical and non-technical losses in low-voltage distribution networks. The study is conducted in two stages, where the capacity of each power transformer is determined, and the technical and non-technical losses within the network are assessed. The paper aims to identify the types and causes of these losses and proposes methods to determine technical losses in distribution networks accurately. The findings can be used to locate theft within the network using smart meter readings and voltage drop measurements at each load point. This study provides insights into improving the overall efficiency of distribution systems. © 2023 IEEE.Öğe Analyzing and evaluating the energy efficiency based on multi-5G small cells with a mm-waves in the next generation cellular networks(Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science, 2020) Alsharif, Mohammed H.; Yahya, Khalid; Chaudhry, Shehzad AshrafThis paper evaluates the impact of multi-5G small cell systems on the energy efficiency (EE) in a Fifth Generation (5G) of cellular networks. Both the proposed model and the analysis of the EE in this study take into account (i) the path losses, fading, and shadowing that affect the received signal at the user equipment (UE) within the same cell, and (ii) the interference effects of adjacent cells. In addition, the concepts of new technologies such as large MIMO in millimeter range communication have also been considered. The simulation results show that the interference from adjacent cells can degrade the EE of a multi-cell cellular network. With the high interference the number of bits that will be transferred per joule of energy is 1.29 Mb/J with a 0.25 GHz bandwidth and 16 transmit antennas. While, with a 1 GHz bandwidth the transfer rate increases to 5.17 Mb/J. Whereas, with 64 transmit antennas the EE improved to 5.17 Mb/J with a 0.25 GHz BW and 20.70 Mb/J with a 1 GHz BW. These results provide insight into the impact of the number of antennas in millimeter range communication and the interference from adjacent cells on achieving real gains in the EE of multi-5G small cells cellular network. Copyright © 2020 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science. All rights reserved.Öğe Analyzing the Impact of Temperature Variations on the Performance of Thermoelectric Generators(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2023) Yahya, Adel E. M.; Sarreb, Rebha Daw; Yahya, Khalid; Attar, Hani; Aldababsa, Mahmoud; Hafez, MohamedRecent advancements in renewable energy technologies have brought Thermoelectric Generators (TEGs) to the forefront, primarily due to their ability to efficiently convert waste thermal energy into electrical power across multiple power levels. This study delves into the environmental benefits and operational efficiencies of TEGs, highlighting their zero-emission, silent operation, and low maintenance requirements. A significant portion of this research is dedicated to exploring the influence of temperature differential (?T) on the efficacy of TEGs, as temperature is a crucial factor in the energy conversion process. The electrical representation of TEGs is modeled as a voltage source in series with an internal resistance, while its thermal aspect comprises parallel-connected p- and n-type thermocouples. The study aims to meticulously analyze the behavior of TEG models under various thermal gradients and to scrutinize their electrical characteristics under different load conditions. This is achieved through comprehensive experimental methodologies, with the findings underscoring the impact of temperature variations on both hot and cold sides of TEGs on all electrical parameters. It is observed that an increase in the temperature difference results in a corresponding rise in both the maximum power output and the open-circuit voltage. In essence, the efficiency of TEGs is noted to improve with a higher and more stable temperature differential. © 2023 IEEE.Öğe Construction of Smart Transportation City System Based on Digital Twins(IOS Press BV, 2024) Shen, Shujie; Xiao, Jingcheng; He, Ye; He, Zhexin; Yahya, KhalidWith the acceleration of urbanization, traffic congestion has become an important factor affecting urban economic development and the quality of life of residents. How to use technological means to improve the transportation system has become an important task in the construction of smart cities. The emergence of digital twin technology provides a shortcut for the development of smart cities. As a current research hotspot, the construction of smart transportation city systems based on digital twins aims to improve traffic efficiency, reduce traffic congestion, enhance urban traffic safety, and provide personalized strategies through intelligent and data-driven methods, thereby improving the travel experience of urban residents. This paper adopts a comprehensive research method, combining literature review, empirical analysis, and case study, to deeply explore the smart transportation city system based on digital twins. At the same time, advanced technological means such as perception devices, data collection technology, digital twin simulation technology, and intelligent analysis algorithms are also utilized to effectively simulate and restore complex traffic scenes, monitor and analyze urban traffic data in real-time, and provide scientific basis for traffic management and decision-making. Build an efficient and intelligent urban transportation system through the integration of a series of technologies and methods. The research results indicate that the application of digital twin technology can achieve comprehensive perception, accurate simulation, and intelligent regulation of urban transportation systems. This not only helps to solve traffic congestion problems, improve transportation efficiency, but also enhances the travel experience of urban residents. © 2024 The Authors.Öğe Development of an Ultra-Sensitive Magnetic-Based Biosensor; a Simulation Study(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2023) Yahya, Khalid; Husseini, Abbas Ali; Dirican, Onur; Attar, Hani; Aldababsa, Mahmoud; Hafez, MohamedThis study presents an advanced magnetic biosensor design incorporating an L-shaped ferromagnetic core with UL dimensions and an air gap replaced by highly porous aluminum or copper foam later-filled biological samples containing high-permeability ferromagnetic nanoparticles. The sensor detects specific biological molecules through magnetic field interactions. The system's electrical parameters were methodically optimized for enhanced performance. The research investigated the impact of various materials on the air gap's magnetic properties and assessed the relationships between permeability, output-induced voltage, input voltage, and input frequency. Findings indicate that using materials with higher magnetic permeability, such as Magnetite (Fe304) or Cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) ferrofluids, considerably improved the biosensor's performance by optimizing magnetic coupling between primary and secondary windings. This innovative magnetic biosensor holds potential for diverse applications, including medical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and industrial process control. The study offers valuable insights into magnetic biosensor design and optimization, facilitating heightened sensitivity and selectivity in detecting target molecules. © 2023 IEEE.Öğe Enhancing UAV communication links with Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces(Elsevier Gmbh, 2023) Salih, Nameer Mufeed; Aldababsa, Mahmoud; Yahya, KhalidReconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) have emerged as a prominent and widely debated solution to enhance the energy efficiency of wireless communications. This article explores the potential of combining RIS with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)-RIS, to provide on-demand deployment services in dynamic environments. However, the energy limitations of battery-powered UAVs can curtail the advantages of UAV-RIS systems. To address this challenge and enhance the durability of UAV-RIS deployments, we introduce an energy harvesting technique for simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) coupled with optimized resource allocation and energy harvesting from incoming radio frequency (RF) signals. In contrast to previous research, our approach involves the division of passive reflected arrays across geometric space, facilitating simultaneous information transfer and energy harvesting. Additionally, we are developing deep Q-network (DQN) and deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) techniques to dynamically allocate UAV-RIS resources in both temporal and spatial dimensions. This allocation maximizes the overall harvested energy while upholding communication quality for every user. Our simulation results conclusively demonstrate the substantial superiority of the pro-posed UAV-RIS SWIPT system over the benchmark.Öğe Evolution of wireless communication networks: from 1G to 6G and future perspective(Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science, 2022) Ahmed Solyman, Ahmed Amin; Yahya, KhalidSince about 1980, a new generation has appeared approximately every decade. Mobile phones started with first-generation (1G), then the successful second generation (2G), and then mixed successful auctions since the launch of 3G. According to business terms, 1G and 2G were providing voice and gradually include data (3G is unsuccessful, 4G is very successful). Today, we are seeing a stir over what 5G will provide. Key expectations currently being discussed include an ultra-high 20 Gb/s bit rate, an ultra-low latency of just 1 millisecond, and a very high capacity. Given the enormous potential of 5G communication networks and their expected evolution, what should 6G include that is not part of 5G or its long-term evolution? 6G communication networks should deliver improved range and data speeds, as well as the ability to connect users from anywhere. This article details possible 6G communication networks. More specifically, the primary influence of this research is to deliver a complete synopsis of the development of wireless communication networks from 1G to 6G. © 2022 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science. All rights reserved.Öğe Investigating and calculating the temperature of hot-spot factor for transformers(Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science, 2023) Yahya, Khalid; Attar, Hani; Issa, Haitham; Ramadan Dofan, Jamal Ali; Iqteit, Nassim A.; Yahya, Adel E.M.; Solyman, Ahmed Amin AhmedThis article explores the measurement of temperature in transient states, utilizing the principles of heat transfer and thermal-electrical metaphor. The study focuses on the nonlinear thermal resistances present in various locations within a distribution transformer, while taking into account variations in oil physical variables and temperature loss. Real-time data obtained from heat run tests on a 250-MVA-ONAF cooled unit, conducted by the transformer manufacturer, is used to verify the thermal designs. The observations are then compared to the loading framework of the IEC 60076-7:2005 system. The findings of this research provide a better understanding of temperature measurement in transient states, particularly in distribution transformers, and can be applied to the design and development of more efficient and reliable transformer systems. © 2023 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science. All rights reserved.Öğe Key performance requirement of future next wireless networks (6G)(Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science, 2021) Solyman, Ahmad A. A.; Yahya, KhalidGiven the massive potentials of 5G communication networks and their foreseeable evolution, what should there be in 6G that is not in 5G or its long-term evolution? 6G communication networks are estimated to integrate the terrestrial, aerial, and maritime communications into a forceful network which would be faster, more reliable, and can support a massive number of devices with ultra-low latency requirements. This article presents a complete overview of potential 6G communication networks. The major contribution of this study is to present a broad overview of key performance indicators (KPIs) of 6G networks that cover the latest manufacturing progress in the environment of the principal areas of research application, and challenges. © 2021, Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science. All rights reserved.Öğe Non-Line-of-Sight Target Localization Based on Multipath Exploitation(IOS Press BV, 2024) Wen, Kai; Wu, Yishuo; Yahya, KhalidDetecting targets located in non-line-of-sight (NLOS) areas within urban environments has attracted widespread attention in recent years. However, imaging localization algorithms based on multipath superposition often generate false target points, leading to interference in target location acquisition. This article proposes a new multi-target localization method specifically designed for L-shaped building scenarios without producing target ghosting, by studying the correlation between times of arrival (TOAs) and multipath types. Specifically, the propagation mode of the signal is first analyzed to construct a multipath echo model. The principle of specular reflection is utilized to introduce virtual radars, and virtual radar coordinates corresponding to each order of reflection are obtained. Then, the numerical relationship between different times of arrival and corresponding multipath types in the scene is studied. This, combined with an improved ellipse-cross-localization method, is used to determine the target position. Finally, numerical simulation results demonstrate that the proposed multi-target localization method effectively establishes the correlation between times of arrival and multipath types, enabling accurate localization of multiple targets in NLOS areas. © 2024 The Authors.Öğe On the Security of an Authentication Scheme for Smart Metering Infrastructure(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2020) Yahya, Khalid; Chaudhry, Shehzad Ashraf; Al-Turjman, FadiRecently, in 2019, Kumar et al. (IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 10.4 (2018): 4349-4359) proposed an ECC based lightweight authentication and Key agreement scheme (LAKA) to secure the communication among a smart meter (SM) and a neighbourhood area network (NAN) gateway. The LAKA scheme was proved as secure and efficient as per the comparisons performed by Kumar et al. Specifically, it was argued through security analysis that LAKA provides anonymity and resistance to related attacks. However, the specific analysis in this paper contradicts their claim and it is shown here that in addition to ephemeral secret leakage attack and lack of untraceability, the LAKA is also vulnerable to stolen verifier attack. © 2020 IEEE.Öğe Optimizing PV System Placement in Kirkuk City Power System Using PSO Algorithm(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2023) Ali, Isam Taha; Yahya, Adel E. M.; Amer, Ayman; Sarreb, Rebha Daw; Yahya, Khalid; Aldababsa, Mahmoud; Hafez, MohamedPhotovoltaics (PV) are a rapidly growing source of energy worldwide and are typically installed as distributed generation in distribution systems. PV technology has emerged as a promising solution for increasing power demand and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Placing PV systems in distribution systems is crucial for overall performance, but it is a complex task with multiple constraints and objectives. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is a metaheuristic optimization technique based on bird flocking behavior that has proven to be a valuable tool for solving optimization problems. The PSO algorithm can find the optimal location, size, and orientation of PV panels in a distribution system, considering power losses, voltage stability, and system capacity. This work analyzes the Kirkuk City Power System (IEEE-5 BusBar) to find the optimal location and size for PV systems, improve voltage levels, and reduce losses. The PSO algorithm compares the power system before and after connecting the PV system. © 2023 IEEE.Öğe Optimum-Location of PV in Distribution System using NR Method with Matlab-ETap Program(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2023) Ali, Isam Taha; Yahya, Khalid; Aldababsa, Mahmoud; Amer, Ayman; Hafez, Mohamed; Sarreb, Rebha DawThis paper presents a method for optimizing photovoltaic (PV) system placement in distribution systems using the Newton-Raphson (NR) method with MATLAB code and E-Tap program load flow analysis. The proposed approach utilizes MATLAB code to calculate the optimal location and size of PV systems for maximum Voltage Level and minimum power losses. E-Tap program load flow analysis is used to simulate the distribution system and to validate the results obtained from the MATLAB code. The study provides a detailed explanation of the methodology used for the optimization and validation process. The Newton-Raphson method begins with an initial estimate of the root, denoted x0?xr, and uses the tangent of f(x) at x0 to improve on the estimate of the root. The expected outcomes include reduced power losses and improved Voltage Levels. The paper concludes with simulation results and a discussion of the potential benefits of the proposed approach. Also, we are working on analyses of the Kirkuk Power System (IEEE-5 Bus Bar). Find the Optimum Location and Size for the PV system in Kirkuk Power System (IEEE-5 BB). We use a PV system to improve the Voltage Level and reduce Losses in the Kirkuk Power System (IEEE-5 BB). Compare the power system before and after connecting the PV system using E-TAP and MATLAB software. © 2023 IEEE.Öğe Outage performance analysis of antenna selection schemes in UAV-assisted networks(Elsevier Gmbh, 2024) Al-Qarahghli, Ibrahim; Yahya, Khalid; Aldababsa, MahmoudIn this paper, we investigate the performance of various antenna selection (AS) techniques in an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-assisted relay communication system, wherein a UAV is deployed as a flying relay to establish and sustain a communication link between source and destination nodes. The AS schemes under study encompass transmit antenna selection/maximal ratio combining (TAS/MRC), joint transmit and receive antenna selection (JTRAS), and maximum ratio transmission/receive antenna selection (MRT/RAS). We present a unified outage probability (OP) performance analysis of AS techniques in UAV relay networks. We initially derive a closed -form expression for the OP under Nakagami- m fading channels. Subsequently, an asymptotic expression elucidating the array and diversity gain is derived to offer deeper insights into the performance of the studied system. Finally, Monte Carlo simulations are conducted to validate the theoretical results.Öğe Performance analysis of majority-based transmit antenna selection and maximal ratio combining in MIMO-NOMA networks(Springer Int Publ Ag, 2024) Kumson, Princewill Kum; Aldababsa, Mahmoud; Yahya, Khalid; Obaid, Mahmoud; Mwais, Allam AbuNon-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is paramount in modern wireless communication systems since it enables efficient multiple access schemes, allowing multiple users to share the same spectrum resources and thus improving overall network capacity. Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology is crucial in wireless communication as it leverages multiple antennas to enhance data throughput, increase link reliability, and mitigate signal interference, resulting in improved communication performance. The combination of MIMO and NOMA represents a transformative synergy that harnesses the benefits of both technologies, facilitating efficient spectrum utilization, higher data rates, and improved reliability in wireless networks. This makes it particularly valuable in the fifth-generation (5G) era and beyond. This paper investigates the performance of majority-based transmit antenna selection and maximal ratio combining (TAS-maj/MRC) in MIMO-NOMA networks. We derive a closed-form expression for the exact bit error rate (BER) for binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modulation in Nakagami-m fading channels. Moreover, asymptotic expressions are obtained in the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) region to get further insight into the BER behavior of the system. Finally, we verify the analytical results' accuracy through simulations. The results demonstrate that diversity and code gains are achieved. In addition, the BER performance is significantly improved as the number of receive antennas increases or channel condition enhances.Öğe Performance evaluation of different solar photovoltaic technologies in Libya(IEEE, 2020) Almaktar, Mohamed; Albreki, A. M.; Mohamed, Faisal A.; Yahya, Khalid; Hussein, T.Although Libya has a massive potential of renewable energy (RE) resources particularly solar energy, the country suffers from a shortage of electrical energy and experiences frequent blackouts. The dominant preventive action taken by the grid operator is to shed loads. The main two reasons for the limited RE projects are the highly subsidized electricity tariff and the absence of clear energy legislation. As a solution for the electrical energy deficit, this paper proposes the grid-connected photovoltaic (GCPV) power systems to be installed as distributed generations. The case study is based on a 1 MWp GCPV system designed for Benina International Airport (BIA) in Benghazi. Besides satisfying the electrical demand of the airport, the system can also export its energy directly to the electrical grid where the residential and commercial loads. The analysis was carried out by using PVSyst software. Four PV technologies were simulated for the installation for the sake of performance comparison under Benghazi's weather condition. It was concluded that cadmium telluride (CdTe) outperforms other technologies with 4.79 kWh/kWp/day of produced energy and a performance ratio (PR) of 78.11%. The project can be a successful showcase clean energy producer and a business model which can encourage the individuals and the governmental utilities to implement the solar PV technology for both electricity demand satisfaction as well as a profitable investment.Öğe Retraction notice to “Enhancing UAV communication links with reconfigurable intelligent surfaces”(Elsevier GmbH, 2024) Mufeed Salih, Nameer; Aldababsa, Mahmoud; Yahya, KhalidThis article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/policies/article-withdrawal). This article has been retracted at the request of the Editors. The authors have plagiarized part of a paper that had already appeared in Wireless Netw 27, 2991–3006 (2021), https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-021-02632-z. One of the conditions of submission of a paper for publication is that authors declare explicitly that their work is original and has not appeared in a publication elsewhere. Re-use of any data should be appropriately cited. As such this article represents a severe abuse of the scientific publishing system. The scientific community takes a very strong view on this matter and apologies are offered to readers of the journal that this was not detected during the submission process. © 2024 Elsevier GmbHÖğe A Review on Deformable Voronoi Diagrams for Robot Path Planning in Dynamic Environments(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2023) Samuel, Moveh; Yahya, Khalid; Aldababsa, Mahmoud; Amer, Ayman; Dofan, Jamal Ali Ramada; Merchan-Cruz, Emmanuel Alejandro; Hafez, MohamedRoute planning for mobile robots presents a complex challenge, mainly when designing pathways in dynamic environments. This complexity arises from the robot's need to balance the demand for efficient and optimal routes while also handling unexpected obstacles. This paper introduces an algorithm that combines two key concepts: the Voronoi Diagram, utilized for environment representation, and Deformation Retracts, integrated into the system to enable the path planner to adapt to moving obstacles by deforming the Voronoi Diagram. The combination of the previously described notions, Voronoi Diagrams, and Deformation Retracts from related areas (Computational geometry and Algebraic topology) has not yet been studied in robotics applications. The idea is supposed first to compute a Generalised Voronoi Diagram (GVD) and construct a pre-planned robot route, after which the Deformation retract might be applied to the open space of the Voronoi Diagram formed after an interference due to a moving object. The map will be distorted, and the starting route will be modified to a different path if one exists. This approach has a promising future since the dimension of the map has been reduced to one that depicts the retracting free space in the surroundings. As a result, the new method is relevant to robot navigation in complicated settings, as well as other disciplines such as game theory, virtual reality, and computational geometry, to name a few. © 2023 IEEE.Öğe The Role of Smart Environment Initiatives on Environmental Degradation: Consolidating the Resilient Built Landscape(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2022) Agboola, Oluwagbemiga Paul; Moveh, Samuel; Yahya, Khalid; Attar, Hani; Amer, AymanPrimarily in industrialized and some developing nations, the adoption of the smart city approach as a sustainable approach to the management and implementation of infrastructure developments has been rising. Initiatives to build resilience are critical for successful cities in these developing nations, like Nigeria. This research explores the various advantages of building resilience in Nigeria's smart cities in light of this growth. Few scholars have examined the building and smart city efforts aimed at enhancing Nigeria's built environment's sustainability in the context of the current global environmental issues. Thus, this study closes the gaps by evaluating the various aspects of building and the city's resilience with a focus on Lagos, the most populated metropolis in Africa. The following issues are covered with reviews of the literature: (i) the current Lagos Smart City projects; (ii) Smart City and Building initiatives in Nigeria; and (iii) the goal of robust resilience. By succinctly describing the strategic planning for smart city development, in addition to the opportunities discovered in the smart city and building initiatives, this paper contributes to the conversation around smart cities. This will aid in the documentation, forecasting, and future decision-making processes for Nigeria's Smart Cities. © 2022 IEEE.
