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    Carbon dioxide-assisted Torrefaction of Maize Cobs by Thermogravimetry: Product Yield and Energy Recovery Potentials
    (VASYL STEFANYK PRECARPATHIAN NATL UNIV, VUL SHEVCHENKA 57, IVANO-FRANKIVSK 76018, UKRAINE, 2022) Nyakuma, Bemgba Bevan; Ajibade, Samuel-Soma M.; Adebayo, Victor B.; Alkali, Habib; Otitolaiye, Victor Olabode; Audu, Jemilatu Omuwa; Bashir, Faizah Mohammed; Dodo, Yakubu Aminu; Mahmoud, Abubakar Sadiq; Oladokun, Olagoke
    The objective of this study is to examine the potential product yields and energy recovery of maize cobs (MC) through carbon dioxide-assisted torrefaction using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The CO2-assisted torrefaction of MC was performed from 240 °C to 300 °C (? 30 °C) for the residence time of 30 minutes based on the selected non-isothermal/isothermal heating programme of the TGA. Furthermore, the physicochemical, microstructure and mineral characteristics of MC were examined. The results showed that the CO2-torrefaction of MC resulted in mass loss (ML) ranging from 18.45% to 55.17%, which resulted in the mass yield (MY) ranging from 81.55% to 44.83%. The HHV of the solid product was in the range from 22.55 MJ/kg to 26 MJ/kg, which indicates the CO2-torrefaction process enhanced the energy content of MC by 40% – 60%. In conclusion, the findings showed that the CO2 torrefaction is a practical, sustainable, and cost-effective approach for the valorisation of MC into a clean solid biofuel for enhanced energy recovery.
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    Thermogravimetric Study of Maize Cob Carbonization for Bioenergy Recovery: Product Yield Estimation and Bio-Energy Potentials
    (Slovnaft VURUP a.s, 2021) Otitolaiye, Victor Olabode; Ojomoh, Victor Kayode; Mahmoud, Abubakar Sadiq; Bashir, Faizah Mohammed; Audu, Jemilatu Omuwa; Dodo, Yakubu Aminu
    The study investigated the bulk fuel, microstructure, morphological, mineral, and functional group characteristics of maize cobs (MC) along with carbonization through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) for potential energy recovery. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study on the micro-scale analysis of the fuel properties and bioenergy recovery potential of MC in the scientific literature. The results showed that MC contains high carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, volatile matter and fixed carbon but low moisture, and ash contents. The functional group (FTIR) analysis revealed MC contains alcohol, ester, and carbonyl functional groups in its chemical structure, which could be attributed to the lignocellulose components of biomass. The analysis of MC microstructure and morphology showed a rough yet compact surface comprising fibres. The TGA carbonisation process revealed MC experienced significant mass loss (ML) ranging from 73–76%, whereas the residual mass or mass yield (RM or MY) was from 23.6–27.2% with increasing carbonisation temperatures from 450–650°C. Furthermore, the findings indicated that the optimal temperature for carbonization of MC is 550°C, based on the conditions examined in this study. The HHV of the solid MY ranged from 26.66 – 26.99 MJ/kg, whereas the energy yield (DE) was 95.42 – 95.63%, and energy density (DE) 3.52 – 4.04. The findings indicate that while the HHV and EY increased, the MY and EY decreased with increasing carbonisation temperatures. In general, the study demonstrated that MC is a potentially suitable raw material or biomass feedstock for the sustainable recovery of bioenergy through carbonization. © 2021. All Rights Reserved.