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Öğe Bit and Packet Error Rate evaluations for Half-Cycle stage cooperation on 6G wireless networks(ELSEVIER, RADARWEG 29, 1043 NX AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS, 2021) Attar, Hani H.; Solyman, Ahmad Amin Ahmad; Khosravi, Mohammad R.; Qi, Lianyong; Alhihi, Mohammad; Tavallali, PooyaThe excellent features of the sixth generation (6G) of wireless technology enthuses researchers to apply advanced and complex techniques on mobile communication networks, which is what this paper explores. As a result of the ability of 6G to exchange vast data rates and network programming, the Cooperative Network Coding (CoNC) technique can be implemented to improve the connectivity and diversity within 6G applications. Though CoNC is usually implemented at the second stage, this paper proposes dividing the first stage into two Half-Cycle stages, and then applying CoNC at the second Half-Cycle stage. The resulting Bit Error Rate (BER) behaviour is investigated on the physical layer for direct data exchange in 6G local mobile networks over an Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel. Partial Unit Turbo Code (PUTC) (4,2,1,4) and (8,4,3,8) are used by each mobile node as the forward error correction technique, which means that each mobile acts as a Base Station (BS) for other mobiles in the local network by applying CoNC on the received packets, and then each mobile node (or BS), either Amplify-and-Forward (AF), or Decode-re-encode-amplify and Forward (DF), acts. When full connectivity is not achieved at the end of the first two Half-Cycle stages, new Half-Cycle stage transmissions follow, and the BER behaviour for all additional Half-Cycle stages is obtained. The results illustrate that applying CoNC at the second Half-Cycle stage of the first general stage produces a limited BER loss. To mitigate the damage in the BER, a soft-decision PUMTC decoder is also proposed.Öğe Deterministic cooperative hybrid ring-mesh network coding for big data transmission over lossy channels in 5G networks(SPRINGER, ONE NEW YORK PLAZA, SUITE 4600 , NEW YORK, NY 10004, UNITED STATES, 2021) Attar, Hani H.; Solyman, Ahmad Amin Ahmad; Alrosan, Ayat; Chakraborty, Chinmay; Khosravi, Mohammad R.Wired and wireless communication data is getting bigger and bigger at such a high pace. Accordingly, the big data (BD) communication networks should be developed as quickly as the quick increase in the exchanging data size is. Based on this regard, this paper proposes a wired and wireless protocol that applies cooperation Network coding (CoNC) in a wired ring topology (WRT) to improve exchanging the BD signifcantly in wireless mesh network (WMN). The paper presents a solution for distributed nodes to deal with big data over 5G by proposing Hybrid Ring-Mesh Protocols (HRMP) that exploit the CoNC technique at distributed nodes. The proposed protocol (X-ORING) deterministically combines the data that is received at a base station (BS), where the BS wirelessly retransmits the combined data to the WMN members, instead of just forwarding them to the WMN members. Moreover, all members of the WMN are connected by wired optical fbre channels in a WRT and directly to the BS. The results show that applying CoNC in the proposed protocols exploits the advantages of the WRP between the WMN members, and consequently, the WMN packet error rate is signifcantly improved. Moreover, using optical fbre wires between the mesh network members and the BS increases the WMN coverage region considerably, and allows the BS to receive all members’ packets correctly. Finally, the results show that applying CoNC on the WRT improves the entire network maintenance and reliability greatly, simply because the proposed HRMP can continue broadcasting even if one of the direct optical fbre goes out of serves, i.e. the fbre link between one of the N member and the BS lost the connectivity.Öğe Diagnosis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Using Deep Neural Networks and Binary Particle Swarm Optimization on Histopathological Images: An AIoMT Approach(HINDAWI LTD, ADAM HOUSE, 3RD FLR, 1 FITZROY SQ, LONDON W1T 5HF, ENGLAND, 2022) Deif, Mohanad A.; Attar, Hani; Amer, Ayman; Elhaty, Ismail A. M.; Khosravi, Mohammad R.; Solyman, Ahmad Amin AhmadOverall prediction of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC) remains inadequate, as more than half of patients with oral cavity cancer are detected at later stages. It is generally accepted that the differential diagnosis of OCSCC is usually difficult and requires expertise and experience. Diagnosis from biopsy tissue is a complex process, and it is slow, costly, and prone to human error. To overcome these problems, a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) approach was proposed in this work. A dataset comprising two categories, normal epithelium of the oral cavity (NEOR) and squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity (OSCC), was used. Feature extraction was performed from this dataset using four deep learning (DL) models (VGG16, AlexNet, ResNet50, and Inception V3) to realize artificial intelligence of medial things (AIoMT). Binary Particle Swarm Optimization (BPSO) was used to select the best features. The effects of Reinhard stain normalization on performance were also investigated. After the best features were extracted and selected, they were classified using the XGBoost. The best classification accuracy of 96.3% was obtained when using Inception V3 with BPSO. This approach significantly contributes to improving the diagnostic efficiency of OCSCC patients using histopathological images while reducing diagnostic costs.Öğe Efficient equalisers for OFDM and DFrFT-OCDM multicarrier systems in mobile E-health video broadcasting with machine learning perspectives(ELSEVIER, RADARWEG 29, 1043 NX AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS, 2020) Attar, Hani H.; Solyman, Ahmad Amin Ahmad; Mohamed, Abd-Elnaser Fawzy; Khosravi, Mohammad R.; Menon, Varun G.; Bashir, Ali Kashif; Tavallali, PooyaRecently, the orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) system has become an appropriate technique to be applied on the physical layer in various requests, mainly in wireless communication standards, which is the reason to use OFDM within mobile wireless medical applications. The OFDM with cyclic prefix (CP) can compensate lacks for the time-invariant multi-path channel effects using a single tap equaliser. However, for mobile wireless communication, such as the use of OFDM in ambulances, the Doppler shift is expected, which produces a doubly dispersive communication channel where a complex equaliser is needed. This paper proposes a low-complexity band LDLH factorisation equaliser to be applied in mobile medical communication systems. Moreover, the discrete fractional Fourier transform (DFrFT) is used to improve the communication system’s performance over the OFDM. The proposed low-complexity equaliser could improve the OFDM, and the DFrFT-orthogonal chirpdivision multiplexing (DFrFT-OCDM) system’s performance, as illustrated in the simulation results. This proves that the recommended system outperforms the standard benchmark system, which is an essential factor as it is to be applied within mobile medical systems.Öğe A Low-Complexity Equalizer for Video Broadcasting in Cyber-Physical Social Systems Through Handheld Mobile Devices(IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC, 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA, 2020) Solyman, Ahmad Amin Ahmad; Attar, Hani; Khosravi, Mohammad R.; Menon, Varun G.; Jolfaei, Alireza; Balasubramanian, Venki; Selvaraj, Buvana; Tavallali, PooyaIn Digital Video Broadcasting-Handheld (DVB-H) devices for cyber-physical social systems, the Discrete Fractional Fourier Transform-Orthogonal Chirp Division Multiplexing (DFrFT-OCDM) has been suggested to enhance the performance over Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems under time and frequency-selective fading channels. In this case, the need for equalizers like the Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) and Zero-Forcing (ZF) arises, though it is excessively complex due to the need for a matrix inversion, especially for DVB-H extensive symbol lengths. In this work, a low complexity equalizer, Least-Squares Minimal Residual (LSMR) algorithm, is used to solve the matrix inversion iteratively. The paper proposes the LSMR algorithm for linear and nonlinear equalizers with the simulation results, which indicate that the proposed equalizer has significant performance and reduced complexity over the classical MMSE equalizer and other low complexity equalizers, in time and frequency-selective fading channels.Öğe MIMO-OFDM/OCDM low-complexity equalization under a doubly dispersive channel in wireless sensor networks(SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC, 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA, 2020) Solyman, Ahmad Amin Ahmad; Attar, Hani; Khosravi, Mohammad R.; Koyuncu, BakiIn this article, three novel systems for wireless sensor networks based on Alamouti decoding were investigated and then compared, which are Alamouti space-time block coding multiple-input single-output/multiple-input multiple-output multicarrier modulation (MCM) system, extended orthogonal space-time block coding multiple-input single-output MCM system, and multiple-input multiple-output system. Moreover, the proposed work is applied over multiple-input multiple-output systems rather than the conventional single-antenna orthogonal chirp division multiplexing systems, based on the discrete fractional cosine transform orthogonal chirp division multiplexing system to mitigate the effect of frequency-selective and time-varying channels, using low-complexity equalizers, specifically by ignoring the intercarrier interference coming from faraway subcarriers and using the LSMR iteration algorithm to decrease the equalization complexity, mainly with long orthogonal chirp division multiplexing symbols, such as the TV symbols. The block diagrams for the proposed systems are provided to simplify the theoretical analysis by making it easier to follow. Simulation results confirm that the proposed multiple-input multiple-output and multiple-input single-output orthogonal chirp division multiplexing systems outperform the conventional multiple-input multiple-output and multiple-input single-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems. Finally, the results show that orthogonal chirp division multiplexing exhibited a better channel energy behavior than classical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, thus improving the system performance and allowing the system to decrease the equalization complexity.Öğe Modeling and computational fluid dynamics simulation of blood flow behavior based on MRI and CT for Atherosclerosis in Carotid Artery(Springer, 2023) Attar, Hani; Ahmed, Tasneem; Rabie, Rahma; Amer, Ayman; Khosravi, Mohammad R.; Solyman, Ahmed; Deif, Mohanad. A.Carotid atherosclerosis is one of the main cardiovascular diseases, widely considered as the main reason for death. Atherosclerosis forms a plaque that impedes blood vessels, and if ruptured, it causes a stroke or heart attack. The treatment protocol for atherosclerosis depends heavily on plaque type, structure, and composition, affecting plaque behavior (stable/unstable) or vulnerability. The fluid-structure interaction between the blood vessels and the blood flow must be examined to study the plaque's behavior. Consequently, this paper aims to reconstruct patient-specific three-dimensional models of the blood vessels for simulation and three-dimensional (3D) Printing, particularly for the carotid artery. In addition, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Computed Tomography (CT) datasets of atherosclerotic vessels are used to reconstruct the 3D model fed into a simulation program to measure the stress, strain, pressure, and velocity to assess the plaque. Five analyses studies were conducted on the constructed blood vessels; Non-pathological Flow in a cylindrical artery, Pathological Flow in a cylindrical artery, Non-pathological Flow in a 2D bifurcating carotid artery, Blood flow analysis in a normal carotid artery, and Blood flow analysis in a stenosed carotid artery. Two validation studies were performed for normal and atherosclerotic arteries. The results agreed with previous well-published work, considering that a 3D realistic model was printed for the vessel. Based on the above, our work provides a simulation environment for predicting atherosclerotic plaque behavior that helps medical specialists choose the proper treatment and preventive medical plans.Öğe A New Feature Selection Method Based on Hybrid Approach for Colorectal Cancer Histology Classification(Hindawi Limited, 2022) Deif, Mohanad A.; Attar, Hani; Amer, Ayman; Issa, Haitham; Khosravi, Mohammad R.; Solyman, Ahmed A. A.Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignant cancers worldwide. To reduce cancer mortality, early diagnosis and treatment are essential in leading to a greater improvement and survival length of patients. In this paper, a hybrid feature selection technique (RF-GWO) based on random forest (RF) algorithm and gray wolf optimization (GWO) was proposed for handling high dimensional and redundant datasets for early diagnosis of colorectal cancer (CRC). Feature selection aims to properly select the minimal most relevant subset of features out of a vast amount of complex noisy data to reach high classification accuracy. Gray wolf optimization (GWO) and random forest (RF) algorithm were utilized to find the most suitable features in the histological images of the human colorectal cancer dataset. Then, based on the best-selected features, the artificial neural networks (ANNs) classifier was applied to classify multiclass texture analysis in colorectal cancer. A comparison between the GWO and another optimizer technique particle swarm optimization (PSO) was also conducted to determine which technique is the most successful in the enhancement of the RF algorithm. Furthermore, it is crucial to select an optimizer technique having the capability of removing redundant features and attaining the optimal feature subset and therefore achieving high CRC classification performance in terms of accuracy, precision, and sensitivity rates. The Heidelberg University Medical Center Pathology archive was used for performance check of the proposed method which was found to outperform benchmark approaches. The results revealed that the proposed feature selection method (GWO-RF) has outperformed the other state of art methods where it achieved overall accuracy, precision, and sensitivity rates of 98.74%, 98.88%, and 98.63%, respectively. © 2022 Mohanad A. Deif et al.