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Öğe Examining the Interaction Effect of Control of Corruption and Income Level on Environmental Quality in Africa(MDPI, ST ALBAN-ANLAGE 66, CH-4052 BASEL, SWITZERLAND, 2022) Usman, Ojonugwa; Iorember, Paul Terhemba; Öztürk, İlhan; Bekun, Festus VictorThe effects of corruption and income on environmental degradation is well established in the literature. However, little attention has been given to how the control of corruption affects the environmental quality at different levels of income. This study examines the interaction effect of the control of corruption and income on environmental quality in Africa over the period from 1996 to 2017. Using a Method of Moments Quantile Regression (MMQR) with fixed effects, the results revealed that both the control of corruption and income level increase CO2 emissions while their interaction term reduces CO2 emissions. This implies that the interaction effect of the control of corruption and income level mitigates carbon emissions. Particularly, the marginal effect of the control of corruption on CO2 emissions decreases as income level increases. Furthermore, renewable energy consumption has a negative and significant effect on CO2 emissions. The effect of foreign direct investment on CO2 emissions is positive and significant, which validates the pollution haven hypothesis. These results are heterogeneous across the quantile distribution of CO2 emissions. Based on these findings, our study suggests the need for the government and policymakers to stimulate income levels as a prerequisite for achieving sound and effective environmental policies in Africa.Öğe Natural resources, technological innovation, and eco-efficiency: striking a balance between sustainability and growth in Egypt(Springer, 2023) Nwani, Chinazaekpere; Ullah, Assad; Ojeyinka, Titus Ayobami; Iorember, Paul Terhemba; Bekun, Festus VictorStriking a balance between economic growth and environmental protection remains a crucial component of the sustainable development agenda. This study defines economic efficiency using an ecological efficiency approach, which measures the overall economic output generated per global hectare of ecological productive resources utilized. Examining the Egyptian economy from 1980 to 2018, the study investigates two prominent trends: the decreasing reliance on natural resource rents and the increasing growth of technological innovation. By employing the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds test, the presence of cointegration is confirmed in all models, indicating that the variables converge in the long run. Additionally, the Spectral Granger-causality test is used to determine the causality direction across the permanent, intermediate, and temporary frequency domains. The results indicate that oil, coal, and natural gas impede eco-efficiency in Egypt, and the causality is unidirectional in the medium and long term, running from economic dependence on their extraction to eco-efficiency. As for the impact of technological innovation, the long-term analysis demonstrates that both domestically created and foreign (transferred) innovations significantly enhance eco-efficiency. The causality is unidirectional as well, with innovation leading to improvements in the eco-efficiency indicator. The study concludes that technological innovation offers essential economic and environmental benefits necessary for building an eco-efficient economy in Egypt. As a result, the study puts forth several policy recommendations aimed at facilitating well-informed decision-making.