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    A Case Study for Estimation of Heating Energy Requirement and Fuel Consumption in a Prototype Building Using Degree-Day Method in Kocaeli
    (İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Yayınları / Istanbul Gelisim University Press, 2017-04-20) Aktemur, Cenker
    Energy is a requirement of all industrialised nations, and variations in its availability can be dangerous and disruptive. The majority of the energy consumed in buildings is spent for heating and cooling to ensure the thermal comfort of human beings in all parts of the world. Energy analysis plays a vitally important in the design of heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems at affordable and efficient cost in residential areas. Buildings are in need of heating in cold weather. The mean daily outside air temperature is an important guide in predicting the amount of fuel needed to heat residential buildings. The amount of fuel required to heat an area, a city or a region can be accurately forecasted based on the outside air temperature. One of the well-accepted methods internationally is the heating degree-day (HDD) method, which is employed for the energy analysis. This paper considers for İzmit, the capital district of Kocaeli province, which is located on the western coast of Turkey and aims to calculate the annual heating energy requirement and natural gas consumption at a base temperature of 15oC by considering different type of glass, glazing area percentage (GAP), air exchange rate (ACH), and the number of people (n) living in a prototype building. It was predicted that in the worst condition (single-glazing), natural gas consumption would be about fourfold higher than the best condition (triple-glazing) if it is thought that 60 people live in an apartment building.
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    Optimum Insulation Thickness for the Exterior Walls of Buildings in Turkey Based on Different Materials, Energy Sources and Climate Regions
    (İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Yayınları / Istanbul Gelisim University Press, 2017-06-28) Aktemur, Cenker; Atikol, Uğur
    Thermal insulation improves the strength and longevity of buildings by reducing energy consumption, and as a related result, improved energy use. The selection of insulation material is governed by important parameters, including the average outdoor air temperature, the thermal conductivity of the buildings and the cost of the insulation material. Increases in the thickness of the insulation material will gradually decrease the energy consumption for heating; however, the insulation thickness has an optimum value that minimises the total investment cost, and determination of this optimum value is critical for economic analysis. In this paper, a life-cycle cost analysis is presented to show the optimum insulation thickness, energy savings over a lifetime of 15 years and payback periods for six different fuels and insulation materials for four cities in Turkey selected from climate regions identified by the Turkish Thermal Insulation Standard (TS 825). Muğla (1st region), Kocaeli (2nd region), Ankara (3rd region) and Ardahan (4th region) were selected for analysis of a sandwich-type wall constructed from the following six insulation materials: extruded polystyrene, expanded polystyrene, glass wool, rock wool, polyisocyanurate and polyurethane. The calculations were also made on the basis of six different fuels, such as motorin, natural gas, propane (LPG), electricity, coal (imported), and fuel-oil No. 4. As a consequence, results demonstated that the optimum insulation thickness vary between 2.8 cm and 45.1 cm, with energy savings between 16.4 ?/m2 and 479 ?/m2, and payback periods fluctuating between 0.078 and 0.860 years, depending on the city, the insulation material, and the cost of fuel.
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    An Overview of Natural Gas as an Energy Source for Various Purposes
    (İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Yayınları / Istanbul Gelisim University Press, 2017-09-26) Aktemur, Cenker
    Energy is gaining great prominence and priority regarding improvement the level of prosperity by completing the economic development of countries. Natural gas is becoming one of the most important energy sources in the world because of the low level of greenhouse gas emissions resulting from the burning of natural gas. For that reason, natural gas consumption is increasing rapidly in the world. Natural gas, which is the main raw material of various chemical products, meets a significant part of the world energy consumption. It is an obvious fact that natural gas is the second most considerable non-renewable fossil fuel-based energy source, after crude oil. This study deals with reviewing natural gas systems considering each aspect. In this context, natural gas as an energy source along with its historical development was briefly given first. Then, status of world natural gas market with regard to geographical distribution of natural gas reserves, consumption, production, lifetime and storage are investigated in all parts of the world. After this exploration of natural gas as primary energy source, pollution caused by natural gas is reviewed since it is utilized in many areas like residential buildings, vehicles and industry. Beside all these, available pipelines delivering natural gas to consumers and planned pipeline projects to be constructed in the near future are reported. Lastly, the use of liquefied natural gas and compressed natural gas as alternative energy source are discussed.